The Senior High School Entrance Examination, or commonly known as Zhongkao (中考), is the academic examination held annually in the mainland of the People's Republic of China to distinguish junior high school graduates. This examination is a prerequisite for entrance into almost all education institutions at the senior high school level, such as common senior high schools, secondary skill schools, vocational high schools, technical high schools. It is usually taken by students in their last year of junior high school.
Before the Senior High School Entrance Examination, every province will hold two simulation examination twice, few places even three times. The Senior High School Entrance Examination usually make out problems by province, but few provinces transmit the power of making out problems to cities. This exam is the second examination system recovered after the Cultural Revolution. It takes place in early June every year, however in few place it takes place in late June or even early July.
In 1980, the decades that just recover the exams, the Graduation Examination of Junior High School and the Senior High School Entrance Examination are the same exam. If the students failed the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then they cannot graduate from the junior high school, even if there are senior high school who want to admit them. These students will be refused by the senior high school for the reason "failure in graduation from junior high school" (初中肄业), that is what is commonly called “sending back the document” (退档). However some places has the system of makeup exam of the Senior High School Entrance Examination. Since mid-1990s, the Graduation Examination of Junior High School becomes separated from the Senior High School Entrance Examination, but some provinces and cities such as Shanghai combined the two exams again.
The Senior High School Entrance Examination, or commonly known as Zhongkao (中考), is the academic examination held annually in the mainland of the People's Republic of China to distinguish junior high school graduates. This examination is a prerequisite for entrance into almost all education institutions at the senior high school level, such as common senior high schools, secondary skill schools, vocational high schools, technical high schools. It is usually taken by students in their last year of junior high school.
Before the Senior High School Entrance Examination, every province will hold two simulation examination twice, few places even three times. The Senior High School Entrance Examination usually make out problems by province, but few provinces transmit the power of making out problems to cities. This exam is the second examination system recovered after the Cultural Revolution. It takes place in early June every year, however in few place it takes place in late June or even early July.
In 1980, the decades that just recover the exams, the Graduation Examination of Junior High School and the Senior High School Entrance Examination are the same exam. If the students failed the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then they cannot graduate from the junior high school, even if there are senior high school who want to admit them. These students will be refused by the senior high school for the reason "failure in graduation from junior high school" (初中肄业), that is what is commonly called “sending back the document” (退档). However some places has the system of makeup exam of the Senior High School Entrance Examination. Since mid-1990s, the Graduation Examination of Junior High School becomes separated from the Senior High School Entrance Examination, but some provinces and cities such as Shanghai combined the two exams again.
Make out problems and register the score
Generally speaking, the Senior High School Entrance Examination is made by provincial educational examination institute. However, in recent year, exams are made by counties and cities except the municipalities directly under the Central Government.
The exam is usually written examination, physical education (PE) additional examination and policy additional score. The former two are standard score of the Senior High School Entrance Examination. So-called "policy additional score" is the points addition to the Senior High School Entrance Examination for the provincial, civic, countial "Triple A Student", student speciality that gains certificate, the children of disabled veterans, minorities, overseas children, etc. Although the policy is not the same, yet some the children of disabled veterans, minorities, overseas children always have 1-3 points additionally. The additional points will not be more than 30 points.
The place to take the Senior High School Entrance Examination
In different places in mainland China, there are different subjects, points and difficulty in different places. Generally speaking, the exam has Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, history, politics, physical education (PE). Some places have geography and biology. In most of the places, history and politics are open-book examination, and some places even are allowed to take all paper material. The Senior High School Entrance Examination in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (新疆维吾尔自治区), the non-Han students are allowed to bring textbooks and Xinhua Zidian (新华字典) when having Chinese exam.
Difficulties
The Senior High School Entrance Examination is easier than National Higher Education Entrance Examination. The difficulties coefficient is 0.1-0.8 (i.e. students will get 70%-75% of the full marks in average).
Problems
The Senior High School Entrance Examination and the National Higher Education Entrance Examination are an important symbol of examination-oriented education in mainland China. Although some places participate in "Curriculum Reform" and the Chinese authorities insist that the Senior High School Entrance Examination has become more focused on ability rather that rote memorization, yet the Senior High School Entrance Examination is still considered a product of the exam-oriented education system; it does not conform to the so-called quality-oriented education by the Chinese authorities. The Senior High School Entrance Examination is much easier than National Higher Education Entrance Examination. It leads students admission difficult because of much too little differences in scores. This exam is scored in such a way that hundreds or even thousands of students obtain exactly the same score.
The Senior High School Entrance Examination determines which senior high school students will be admitted. The quality of the senior high school is also an important issue of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination, so students who fail the Senior High School Entrance Examination do not get a second chance. However those who "stay in the old grade" (留级) are permitted to retake the test, but will be penalized (e.g., points are subtracted from their test scores).
In mainland China the Senior High School Entrance Examination is considered to be second only to the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. People often believe that scoring well on the exam is the only way to success. Therefore, the Senior High School Entrance Examination has caused an "industry of the Senior High School Entrance Examination" (中考产业), such as educational counseling books and reference books, to flourish. It has also, however, led to a proliferation of cheating. During the Senior High School Entrance Examination, many invigilators have found "cheating equipment" among students, such as micro-earphones, mini-microphones, and "Cheating Pens". Besides these instances of cheating during the exam, there has also been a rise in other forms of misconduct, such as exam theft, teachers who give out answers to the exams, and teachers who help students to bypass the invigilators. In Hunan, a student was murdered when he refused to cooperate in a cheating ring.
In many places in mainland China, the Senior High School Entrance Examination also has several undesirable effects outside of the test. For example, if a student does not achieve the basic score line for a senior high school in the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then the parents may bribe the school so that their children may attend. Around the time of the Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2011, several students who were qualified to enroll into the provincial model high school were not enrolled. After verification, it was discovered that the reason was because many of the students that did not reach the score line were enrolled into the provincial model high school illegally, thus occupying the placements that legal students would have received.